Disruptive Technology; Disruptive Telephony or Disruptive Innovation: Understand them ...

You might have noticed now-a-days these jugglery of words getting popular: disruptive technology; disruptive telephony; disruptive innovation or such ....

Are they only the 'fashion use' of English language by the clever Western writers or they have some sense behind too? Who coined them??

Well the answer is that yes, they are the words or set of words having some neat sense behind them and Harvard Business School professor Clayton M. Christensen has coined them!

Why Disruptive technology; disruptive telephony; disruptive innovation?

Clayton M. Christensen coined the term 'DISRUPTIVE TECHNOLOGY' to describe that ...

... how the modern age cutting edge new technologies are unexpectedly displacing an age old established or old or rather conservative technologies.

For Example: Now-a-days popular VoIP or voice over internet protocol (like Skype etc.) internet telephony is very fast replacing the old wired PSTN or land line phones (cell phones are also doing the same) ... thus VoIP could be said as disruptive telephony!

Sustaining technology versus disruptive technology

Actually in the year 1997 Clayton's best selling book, "The Innovator's Dilemma," divided the new technology into two separate categories, viz.: sustaining and disruptive.

Unlike the disruptive technology, the sustaining tech or innovation does not open the vistas for the new value networks or new markets, but it always tends to evolve along on the lines of existing ones with better values.

Image: http://rustudent.com/

1. A subject clause may be introduced by the conjunctions that, if, whether, because, either...or, etc. or the conjunctive words who, what, which, where, how, why, wherever, etc.. Complex sentences with subject clauses may be of two patterns:
a) When a subject clause precedes the predicate of the main clause: What I want is for you to build me a house.

b) When a subject clause is in final position, the usual place of the subject being occupied by the formal introductory it: It was lucky that she agreed to undertake the job.

2. A predicative clause may be introduced by the conjunctions that, whether, as, as if, as though, because, lest, etc. or the conjunctive words who, whoever, which, where, when, how, why, etc.:

It was as though our last meeting was forgotten.

A predicative clause has a fixed position in the sentence ― it always follows a link verb: to be, to seem, to appear, to feel, to look, to sound, etc., with which it forms a compound nominal predicate: It appears he hasn’t been there.
Note 1. Predicative clauses introduced by the conjunctions as, as if, as though should not be confused with adverbial clauses of comparison introduced by the same conjunctions. A predicative clause immediately follows the link verb. Compare the following sentences:

It seems that there is no cure (a predicative clause).
It seems evident that there is no cure (a subject clause).
Note 2. If both the subject and the predicative are expressed by clauses the principal clause consists only of a link verb: What he says is that he goes away.
3. An object clause may be introduced by the conjunctions that, if, whether, lest, etc. or the conjunctive words who, whoever, what, where, when, why, how, etc.He asked me if I wanted to stay.

An object clause may either follow or precede the main clause: What she thinks it would be impossible to say.

Object clauses may be used after adjectives expressing feeling, perception, desire, assurance: afraid, glad, happy, certain, sure, sorry, pleased, desirous, anxious, aware, etc.: He was glad that no one was at home.

Note: Like subject clauses, object clauses may be preceded by the formal it: I like it when people are nice to me.

An object clause may be joined to the main clause by the prepositions after, about, before, for, of, beyond, etc.: I want to be paid for what I do.

I am glad to tell that I am taking now also this course: http://waucondastore.com/category/text-linguistics/. Sounds like a lot of fun to me.

AtC serve as an attribute to a noun (pronoun) in the PC. The noun is called the antecedent of the clause. Attributive relative clauses qualify the antecedent, and attributive appositive clauses disclose its meaning. AR restrictive C restricts the meaning of the A, so it can't be removed without destroying the meaning of the sentence, not separated by a comma (All that I want from you…).

Introduced by: 1) The relative pronouns "who, whose, which, that, as"; 2) The relative adverbs "where, when"; 3) Asyndetically.

AR non-restrictive C gives some additional information about the A without restricting it, often separated by a comma (Mary, who is a friend of mine, is…). Introduced by: 1) The relative pronouns "who, which"; 2) The relative adverbs "where, when". The A of the continuative clause (which is a variant of ARNRC) is not one word but a whole clause (Her father was not at home, which was a relief to them).

AAC disclose the meaning of the A, which is expressed by an abstract noun; it's not separated from the PC by a comma (She had the idea that he's the one for her). Introduced chiefly by the conjunction "that", occasionally by the conjunction "whether" or by adverbs "how, why".

I reached my morphology section (http://uastudent.com/category/english/english-grammar/english-morphology/) in the course I am taking and here is some stuff for you.

AdC perform the function of an AM, it can modify a verb, an adjective or an adverb in the PC. They are joined to the PC by means of subordinating conjunctions. An AdC may precede, interrupt (commas are used in both cases) or follow the PC (no commas are used). AdC of time shows the time of the action expressed in the PC.

Introduced by the conjunctions "when, while, whenever, as, till, until, as soon as, as long as, since, after, before, now that" (We moved here when I was 16) and constructions "scarcely… when, hardly… when, no sooner… than" (Hardly had they entered the room, when a rain began). AdC of place shows the place of the action expressed in the PC. Introduced by the conjunctions "where, wherever" (I looked where she pointed).

AdC of cause (reason) shows the cause of the action expressed in the PC. Introduced by the conjunctions "as, because, since, for fear (that)" (in official style also "on the ground that, for the reason that, etc.") (She was so nice because her daughter loved him). AdC of purpose state the purpose of the action expressed in the PC. Introduced by the conjunctions "that, in order that, so that, lest, etc." (She phoned so that she could hear him). AdC of condition state the condition which is necessary for the realization of the action expressed in the PC. Introduced by the conjunctions "if, unless, suppose, in case, on condition that, provided, etc." (I'll come if you call me) or joined asyndetically (with inversion in the subordinate clause) (Should you call me today, I'll come).

AdC of concession denotes the presence of some obstacle which nevertheless doesn't hinder the action expressed in the PC. Introduced by the conjunctions and connectives "though, although, as, no matter how, however, whoever, whatever, whichever" (in official style also "notwithstanding that, in spite of the fact that") (I liked the trip though it was very cold). AdC of result denote the result of the action expressed in the PC. AdC of pure result are introduced by the conjunction "so that" and usually separated from the PC by a comma (The night has come, so that it became really dark), AdC of result with an additional meaning of degree are introduced by the conjunction "that" (the adverb "so" or the demonstrative pronoun "such" then are found in the PC) and are not separated from the PC by a comma (He is so happy that he couldn't say a word).

AdC of manner characterize in a general way the action expressed in the PC, the idea of comparison is often implied. Introduced by the conjunction "as" (She did exactly as he had told her). AdC of comparison denote an action with which the action of the PC is compared. Introduced by the conjunctions "than, as, as… as, not so… as, as if, as though" (She ate as fast as she could).